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Several sites in the reproductive system either are vulnerable to chemicals or can be manipulated by drugs. Within the central nervous system, sensitive sites include thehypothalamus(and adjacent areas of the brain) and the anterior lobe of thepituitary gland.Regions outside the brain that are vulnerable include thegonads(i.e., the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male), theuterusin the female, and theprostate glandin the male.

The body has anatomic or physiological barriers that tend to protect the reproductive system. The so-called placental barrier and the blood-testis barrier impede certain chemicals, although both allow most fat-soluble chemicals to cross. Drugs that are more water-soluble and that possess higher molecular weights tend not to cross either the placental or the blood-testis barrier.

In addition, if a drug binds to a large molecule such as a blood-borne protein, it is less likely to be transported into the testes or less likely to come in contact with the fetus. If the fetus is exposed in the uterus to certain drugs, it may develop abnormalities; those toxic substances are described as teratogenic (literally, "monster-producing").

About 3 percent of developmental abnormalities have been proved to be drug-induced. It is wise to avoid all drugs (including nicotine) during pregnancy, unless the medicine is well-tried and essential. Drugs taken by males may be teratogenic if they damage the genetic material (chromosomes) of the spermatozoa. There appears to be little, if any, barrier to chemicals or drugs gaining entry to breast milk or semen.

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